{"id":137,"date":"2011-10-29T08:03:14","date_gmt":"2011-10-29T08:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=118"},"modified":"2011-10-29T08:03:14","modified_gmt":"2011-10-29T08:03:14","slug":"kratka-historie-varsavskeho-denaturaku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/?p=137","title":{"rendered":"Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 historie var\u0161avsk\u00e9ho denatur\u00e1ku"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 historie var\u0161avsk\u00e9ho denatur\u00e1ku<\/h3>\n
Jednou z citeln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch repres\u00ed, kter\u00e9 postihly polskou \u0161lechtu po potla\u010den\u00ed lednov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed, bylo zaveden\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edho monopolu na produkci lihu. Od 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy um\u011bn\u00ed destilace – v\u00fdroby vysoce koncentrovan\u00e9ho alkoholu – v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch trvale zako\u0159enilo, se produkc\u00ed vodky a lihu mohl zab\u00fdvat skoro ka\u017ed\u00fd. Sta\u010dilo m\u00edt z\u00e1kvas, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed vybaven\u00ed a trochu v\u011bdomost\u00ed. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm osudu se v\u0161ak v\u00fdroba a distribuce alkoholu stala prakticky monopolem t\u0159\u00ed skupin lid\u00ed – \u0161lechty, m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f a kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se v\u011bt\u0161inou rekrutovali z \u0159ad jist\u00e9 obecn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obl\u00edben\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161iny. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed se na \u0161lechtick\u00fdch panstv\u00edch objevuj\u00ed soukrom\u00e9 m\u011bny – pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed pouk\u00e1zky. Za svou pr\u00e1ci pro vrchnost dostal sedl\u00e1k pen\u00edze emitovan\u00e9 sv\u00fdm p\u00e1nem, za kter\u00e9 mohl nakupovat jedin\u011b v kr\u010dm\u011b, kter\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou byla tak\u00e9 v jeho vlastnictv\u00ed. „Sedl\u00e1ck\u00e9 pen\u00edze se skrz sedl\u00e1ck\u00e9 hrdlo vracej\u00ed do pansk\u00e9 kapsy” – lamentovali tehdej\u0161\u00ed moralist\u00e9. Je\u0161t\u011b ve \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 19. stolet\u00ed se objevilo skromn\u00e9 d\u00edlko, n\u011bco jako „Praktick\u00e9 ko\u0159ale\u010dnictv\u00ed”, podrobn\u011b popisuj\u00edc\u00ed, jak si za\u0159\u00eddit dom\u00e1c\u00ed p\u00e1lenici. Zaveden\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edho monopolu na jednu stranu mocn\u011b podkopalo ekonomickou existenci \u0161lechty a na druhou tak\u0159ka zruinovalo kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159e. Rusk\u00fd st\u00e1t si sv\u016fj monopol pe\u010dliv\u011b chr\u00e1nil, organizuj\u00edce \u010das od \u010dasu trestn\u00e9 expedice do obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vzpurn\u00fdch region\u016f. Jeliko\u017e lihoviny neslou\u017eily na\u0161im p\u0159edk\u016fm jen k pit\u00ed, uk\u00e1zala se nutnost prod\u00e1vat l\u00edh, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed k dezinfekci, produkci kosmetiky a jin\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm.<\/div>\n
Objevila se popt\u00e1vka po levn\u00e9m znehodnocen\u00e9m lihu, neur\u010den\u00e9m ke konzumaci. Tento probl\u00e9m byl vy\u0159e\u0161en speci\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1konem o „parfemovan\u00fdch lihovin\u00e1ch ke konsumaci neur\u010den\u00fdm”. L\u00edh zka\u017een\u00fd metanolem nebo \u00e9terem se na po\u010d\u00e1tku, narozd\u00edl od dnes n\u00e1m dokonale zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho denatur\u00e1ku, od \u010dist\u00e9ho lihu neli\u0161il ani v\u016fn\u00ed, ani barvou. V obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou se proto vyskytovaly p\u0159\u00edpady t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch, n\u011bkdy smrteln\u00fdch, otrav znehodnocen\u00fdm lihem, pokoutn\u011b koupen\u00fdm jako konzumn\u00ed, nebo na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b vyroben\u00fdch vodek. Ob\u011btmi d\u016fmysln\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f byli v\u011bt\u0161inou lid\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch vrstev, \u010dasto ze zlo\u010dineck\u00e9 galerky a ob\u010das tak\u00e9 ru\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci. V tr\u00e1ven\u00ed t\u011bch posledn\u00edch zka\u017een\u00fdm lihem lze vystopovat jist\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky patriotismu. Situace se dosti dramaticky zm\u011bnila v okam\u017eiku, kdy vypukla prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Vojensk\u00fd konflikt mezi carsk\u00fdm Ruskem, Rakousk\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00edm a Pru\u0161\u00e1ky od\u0159\u00edznul Var\u0161avu od z\u00e1kladn\u00edch zdroj\u016f energie: uhl\u00ed (dov\u00e1\u017een\u00e9mu ze Slezska a Por\u00fdn\u00ed) a nafty, t\u011b\u017een\u00e9 v podkarpat\u00ed. Rusk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady, vid\u00edc\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekou situaci obyvatel Polsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, p\u0159ijaly odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed protiopat\u0159en\u00ed. Do Var\u0161avy za\u010daly p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt dod\u00e1vky ukrajinsk\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed z don\u011bck\u00e9 p\u00e1nve a nafty z Baku. V\u00e1lka a s n\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed probl\u00e9my v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobily, \u017ee tyto dod\u00e1vky byly \u010dasto nepravideln\u00e9 a v\u017edy nedosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. V Praze (\u010c\u00e1st Var\u0161avy – pozn. I.P.) za\u010daly \u0159\u00e1dit gangy kradouc\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 ploty na topen\u00ed. Elektr\u00e1rny, dod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed proud na osv\u011btlen\u00ed ulic a dom\u016f, pracovaly kv\u016fli nedostatku uhl\u00ed mnohem slab\u011bji.<\/div>\n
Sou\u010dasn\u011b se bl\u00ed\u017eila t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 zima 1914 – 1915. Kv\u016fli st\u00e1le se hor\u0161\u00edc\u00ed situaci bylo p\u0159ijato rozhodnut\u00ed z\u00e1sobovat lidi tekut\u00fdm palivem – znehodnocen\u00fdm lihem, hod\u00edc\u00edm se i na osv\u011btlen\u00ed – m\u00edsto petroleje, i na topen\u00ed – m\u00edsto nafty. Cena dv\u011bst\u011blitrov\u00e9ho sudu byla okolo jednoho rublu, co\u017e byla denn\u00ed mzda kvalifikovan\u00e9ho d\u011bln\u00edka. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, n\u011bkter\u00e1 individua jakoby necht\u011bla rozum\u011bt tomu, \u017ee tento alkohol je p\u0159edur\u010den v\u00fdhradn\u011b k vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i topen\u00ed a osv\u011btlen\u00ed… Var\u0161avsk\u00fd kur\u00fdr hl\u00e1s\u00ed prvn\u00ed otravy v \u0159\u00edjnu, kr\u00e1tce po uveden\u00ed znehodnocen\u00e9ho lihu na trh. V listopadu jsou popisy otrav u\u017e v co druh\u00e9m, co t\u0159et\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed novin. I p\u0159es varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed kupov\u00e1n\u00edm alkoholu z podez\u0159el\u00fdch zdroj\u016f po\u010det otrav roste. St\u00e1le jsou \u010dast\u00fdmi ob\u011btmi voj\u00e1ci, maj\u00edc\u00ed pos\u00e1dku na \u00fazem\u00ed Var\u0161avy. N\u011bkolik travi\u010d\u016f se tak\u00e9 poda\u0159ilo chytit. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku prosince zav\u00e1d\u00ed Var\u0161avsk\u00fd kur\u00fdr do v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 slovo k ozna\u010den\u00ed znehodnocen\u00e9ho lihu – denatur\u00e1k. Celou prvn\u00ed polovinu tohoto m\u011bs\u00edce byly oba n\u00e1zvy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny sou\u010dasn\u011b: „podlehnul smrteln\u00e9 otrav\u011b denatur\u00e1kem (znehodnocen\u00fdm lihem)”. Jak vid\u011bt, nov\u00fd n\u00e1zev se je\u0161t\u011b obecn\u011b neujal. Vrchol vlny otrav report\u00e9\u0159i hl\u00e1sili mezi sv\u00e1tky a nov\u00fdm rokem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se hned po v\u00e1noc\u00edch v rubrice „m\u011bstsk\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy” objevila podrubrika „Denatur\u00e1kem!”. Po\u010det p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f popsan\u00fdch v ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle dos\u00e1hnul p\u011bti a\u017e \u0161esti. Var\u0161avsk\u00fd kur\u00fdr popisuje d\u016fmysln\u00e9 destila\u010dn\u00ed aparatury, kter\u00e9 policie zkonfiskovala, vyroben\u00e9 ze… samovar\u016f.<\/div>\n
Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem destilovan\u00fd v\u00fdrobek byl st\u00e1le jedovat\u00fd. Spolu se st\u00e1le intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi kontrolami za\u010dali travi\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvat st\u00e1le d\u016fmysln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed distribu\u010dn\u00ed metody. Vodku bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 koupit po sklenk\u00e1ch v domovn\u00edch vratech a r\u016fzn\u00fdch z\u00e1kout\u00edch. V lednu a \u00fanoru se zav\u00e1d\u00ed ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed znehodnocen\u00e9ho lihu pomoc\u00ed fuchsinu. V\u00fdrobek z\u00edskal milou r\u016f\u017eovou barvu, ale i tak byl st\u00e1le dosti masov\u011b konzumov\u00e1n. Na ja\u0159e roku 1915 spot\u0159eba denatur\u00e1ku o n\u011bco klesla, no a pak p\u0159i\u0161li N\u011bmci a ud\u011blali ordnung. Dal\u0161\u00ed vlna masov\u00fdch otrav p\u0159i\u0161la za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Palivov\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee su\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i donutily okupanty pou\u017e\u00edvat alternativn\u00ed automobilov\u00e1 paliva – plyn a metylakohol. Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9 si snadno domyslet, ne v\u0161echno palivo p\u0159i\u0161lo do n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed… V dob\u00e1ch komunismu se v souvislosti s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm cen vodky st\u00e1v\u00e1 denatur\u00e1k v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm konkurentem r\u016fzn\u00fdch „samohonek”. Dnes v\u0161ak jeho spot\u0159eba kles\u00e1, hlavn\u011b kv\u016fli nekal\u00e9 konkurenci pa\u0161ovan\u00e9ho lihu z Ukrajiny a Ruska a lacin\u00fdch, snadno dostupn\u00fdch ovocn\u00fdch v\u00edn… <\/p>\n

Napsal: Andrzej Pilipiuk<\/p><\/div>\n

\n
Andrzej Pilipiuk je u n\u00e1s sice zn\u00e1m\u00fd hlavn\u011b sv\u00fdmi knihami o Jakubu Vandrovcovi, ale ob\u010das nap\u00ed\u0161e i n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. I kdy\u017e, tato esej vlastn\u011b sv\u00fdm t\u00e9matem nem\u00e1 k p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm v\u011b\u010dn\u011b opil\u00e9ho exorcisty – amat\u00e9ra daleko. Rovn\u011b\u017e fanov\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed sv\u00fdm tradi\u010dn\u011b kladn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem k alkoholu, tak\u017ee jim trocha pou\u010den\u00ed neu\u0161kod\u00ed. Ov\u0161em v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch jedinc\u016f u\u017e je na to stejn\u011b pozd\u011b… – I.P.<\/em> <\/p>\n

Ano, ano, mil\u00e9 d\u011bti, nepijte denatur\u00e1k ani pochoutky z n\u011bj vyroben\u00e9, t\u0159eba Alpu nebo Lesanu. Dejte si rad\u011bji pivo. I z takov\u00fdch stra\u0161liv\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, jako je Rebel (kdo byl n\u011bkdy v Chot\u011bbo\u0159i, tak zn\u00e1) nebo Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Da\u010dick\u00fd (z Kutn\u00e9 Hory) dostanete nanejv\u00fd\u0161 dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00faporn\u00fd pr\u016fjem. Dejme slovo knize ‚ Soudn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed a zdravotnicko – pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n

Metylalkohol<\/strong>
Smrt\u00edc\u00ed d\u00e1vka metylakoholu je 30 – 100 ml. Citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou \u017eeny, d\u011bti a podvy\u017eiven\u00e9 osoby… p\u0159i akutn\u00ed otrav\u011b jsou p\u0159\u00edznaky pocit slabosti, z\u00e1vrat\u011b, t\u0159es a bolesti hlavy. N\u00e1sleduj\u00ed nevolnost, zvracen\u00ed, pr\u016fjmy a kolikovit\u00e9 bolesti b\u0159icha… v d\u016fsledku selektivn\u00edho po\u0161kozen\u00ed zraku jsou \u010dasto prvn\u00edmi n\u00e1padn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edznaky poruchy vid\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b oslepnut\u00ed. Smrt nastupuje za dva a\u017e t\u0159i dny centr\u00e1ln\u00edm ochrnut\u00edm d\u00fdchac\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f a krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu. A proto: Pijme, brat\u0159i, u\u017e se stm\u00edv\u00e1!<\/div>\n

[CR][NL]<\/p>\n

V r\u00e1mci moznost\u00ed p\u0159elozil, \u00favodem a z\u00e1v\u011brem opat\u0159il Ivo Poledn\u00edk – ivopolednik@seznam.cz, \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159evzat z magaz\u00ednu Fantasy Planet<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 historie var\u0161avsk\u00e9ho denatur\u00e1ku Jednou z citeln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch repres\u00ed, kter\u00e9 postihly polskou \u0161lechtu po potla\u010den\u00ed lednov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed, bylo zaveden\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edho monopolu na produkci lihu. Od 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy um\u011bn\u00ed destilace – v\u00fdroby vysoce koncentrovan\u00e9ho alkoholu – v na\u0161ich zem\u00edch trvale zako\u0159enilo, se produkc\u00ed vodky a lihu mohl zab\u00fdvat skoro ka\u017ed\u00fd. Sta\u010dilo m\u00edt z\u00e1kvas, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed vybaven\u00ed a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dalsi-texty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vandrovec.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}